VC.NET的Direct3D极速入门宝典

那么到这里你可以会问另一个问题，也许D3D可以知道我们的元素里包含顶点的哪些数据，但D3D又是怎样得知这些数据在结构体里，也就是在内存中的排列顺序的呢？很不幸，D3D无法得知你的排列顺序，但D3D指定了这些数据的排列顺序，比如法向量一定在顶点后面，而颜色又一定要放在法向量后面。关于这个排列顺序表你得去看看MSDN里关于Vertex Formats的详细说明了。下面我们来创建顶点数组：

if( FAILED( g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer( sizeof(ExpandBox), 0, D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_pVB, NULL ) ) ) { 　return E_FAIL; }

　　这些参数上面都提到过，相信你一看就会明白，我就不多说了。怎样把我们的方盒数据存储进这创建好的顶点缓冲区呢？DirectX有自己的内存管理方式，这一点我在前面写的一篇《Winamp详解》里提到过，也就是Lock和UnLock的模式：

VOID* pVertices; if( FAILED( g_pVB->Lock( 0, sizeof(ExpandBox), (void**)&pVertices, 0 ) ) ) return E_FAIL; MoveMemory( pVertices, ExpandBox, sizeof(ExpandBox) ); g_pVB->Unlock();

　　和OpenGL一样，在初始化工作结束后，必须要做的另一件事就是设置矩阵，首先是投影矩阵，我们把这些代码加到SetProjMatrix函数中去：

D3DXMATRIX matProj; D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &matProj, D3DX_PI/4, (float)wWidth / (float)wHeight, 1.0f, 100.0f ); return g_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matProj );

　　然后是视图矩阵，把下面的代码加到SetModalMatrix中

static float fRadius = 0.5f; fRadius -= 0.003f; if ( fRadius < 0) { 　fRadius = D3DX_PI * 2 ; } D3DXMATRIX matWorld; D3DXMatrixRotationZ( &matWorld, 0.0f ); if ( FAILED( g_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_WORLD, &matWorld ) ) ) { 　return E_FAIL; } D3DXMATRIX matView; D3DXMatrixLookAtLH( &matView, &D3DXVECTOR3( cosf( fRadius ) * 40.0f, sinf( fRadius ) * 40.0f, 30.0 ), &D3DXVECTOR3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f ), &D3DXVECTOR3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) ); g_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_VIEW, &matView ); return S_OK;

　　我想我不说你也可以理解这些代码的含义，是不是和OpenGL非常相似呢？好的，现在一切准备工作就续，现在我们可以开始绘制方盒了。找到OnIdel处理函数，然后在这里添加下面的代码：

if ( g_pd3dDevice != NULL ) { 　g_pd3dDevice->Clear( 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,200), 1.0f, 0 ); 　if ( SUCCEEDED( g_pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) ) 　{ 　　BeforePaint(); 　　if ( FAILED( SetModalMatrix() ) ) 　　{ 　　　return; 　　} 　　g_pd3dDevice->SetStreamSource( 0, g_pVB, 0, sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX) ); 　　g_pd3dDevice->SetFVF( D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX ); 　　g_pd3dDevice->DrawPrimitive( D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 12 ); 　　g_pd3dDevice->EndScene(); 　　g_pd3dDevice->Present( NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL ); 　} }

　　g_pd3dDevice->Clear相当于glClear， g_pd3dDevice->BeginScene和g_pd3dDevice->EndScene 相当于glBegin和glEnd，g_pd3dDevice->SetStreamSource 相当于glSet**Pointer，g_pd3dDevice->DrawPrimitive 相当于glDrawArray，g_pd3dDevice->Present相当于SwapBuffer，这里和OpenGL的不同之处在于D3D在这里要设备FVF，一个很简单的过程：

g_pd3dDevice->SetFVF( D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX );

　　另外，D3D的背景色是在Clear的时候指定的。现在你可以运行你的程序了，但是你会发现，盒子是黑色的一片，那是因为你没有打开任何光源。而OpenGL在没有打开任何光源时物体是纯白色的，呵呵，具有一定的迷惑性哦~现在我们来打开一个灯，来照亮这个物体。就在BeforePaint里：

D3DLIGHT9 light; ZeroMemory( &light, sizeof(light) ); light.Position = D3DXVECTOR3( 30.0f, 30.0f, 30.0f ); light.Attenuation1 = 0.05f; light.Diffuse.r = 1.0f; light.Diffuse.g = 1.0f; light.Diffuse.b = 1.0f; light.Range = 1000.0f; light.Type = D3DLIGHT_POINT; g_pd3dDevice->SetLight( 0, &light ); g_pd3dDevice->LightEnable( 0, TRUE);

　　为什么要放在BeforePaint里呢？因为我们在后面还可以实现动态光影的效果，也就是让光源动起来。这里要格外注意的时，这个顶不是方向光源，是一个点光源，D3DLIGHT_POINT，它的光是没有方向，从座标点向四周任何方向发散的，他也具有衰减性，你可以设置三个衰减分量，在D3D里的衰减公式是：Atten = 1 / ( att0 + att1 * d + att2 * d * d )所以，当你的三个衰减值都为0时，就会出错。在这里我们用到了att1，让它等于0.05，很小的值对吗？越小表示衰减越小，光照也就越强。

　　现在你的代码应该是这样样子：

#include "stdafx.h" #include "D3DTest.h" #define MAX_LOADSTRING 100 #define D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX ( D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_NORMAL ) struct CUSTOMVERTEX { 　D3DVECTOR pos; 　D3DVECTOR normal; }; HINSTANCE g_hInst; HWND g_hWnd; IDirect3D9 *g_pD3D; IDirect3DDevice9 *g_pd3dDevice; IDirect3DVertexBuffer9 *g_pVB; TCHAR szTitle[MAX_LOADSTRING]; TCHAR szWindowClass[MAX_LOADSTRING]; ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance); BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int); LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); LRESULT CALLBACK About(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); void OnIdle( void ); void OnCreate( HWND hWnd ); HRESULT InitD3D( void ); HRESULT CreateObject( void ); void ReleaseD3D( void ); HRESULT SetModalMatrix( void ); HRESULT SetProjMatrix( WORD wWidth, WORD wHeight ); void BeforePaint( void ); void CalcNormal( const D3DVECTOR *pVertices, D3DVECTOR *pNormal ) { 　D3DVECTOR v1, v2; 　v1.x = pVertices[0].x - pVertices[1].x; 　v1.y = pVertices[0].y - pVertices[1].y; 　v1.z = pVertices[0].z - pVertices[1].z; 　v2.x = pVertices[1].x - pVertices[2].x; 　v2.y = pVertices[1].y - pVertices[2].y; 　v2.z = pVertices[1].z - pVertices[2].z; 　D3DXVECTOR3 Temp( v1.y * v2.z - v1.z * v2.y, v1.z * v2.x - v1.x * v2.z,v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x ); 　D3DXVec3Normalize( (D3DXVECTOR3*)pNormal, &Temp ); } class CTimer { 　public: 　　CTimer() {QueryPerformanceFrequency(&m_Frequency); Start();} 　　void Start() {QueryPerformanceCounter(&m_StartCount);} 　　double End() {LARGE_INTEGER CurrentCount;QueryPerformanceCounter(&CurrentCount);return double(CurrentCount.LowPart - m_StartCount.LowPart) / (double)m_Frequency.LowPart;} 　private: 　　LARGE_INTEGER m_Frequency; 　　LARGE_INTEGER m_StartCount; }; int APIENTRY _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPTSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { 　MSG msg; 　HACCEL hAccelTable; 　LoadString(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING); 　LoadString(hInstance, IDC_D3DTEST, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING); 　MyRegisterClass(hInstance); 　if (!InitInstance (hInstance, nCmdShow)) 　　return FALSE; 　hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDC_D3DTEST); 　while ( true ) 　{ 　　if ( PeekMessage( &msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE ) ) 　　{ 　　　if (!TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg)) 　　　{ 　　　　TranslateMessage(&msg); 　　　　DispatchMessage(&msg); 　　　} 　　　continue; 　　} 　　if ( WM_QUIT == msg.message ) 　　　break; 　　OnIdle(); 　} 　UnregisterClass( szWindowClass, g_hInst ); 　return (int)msg.wParam; } ATOM MyRegisterClass( HINSTANCE hInstance ) { 　WNDCLASSEX wcex; 　wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); 　wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; 　wcex.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WndProc; 　wcex.cbClsExtra = 0; 　wcex.cbWndExtra = 0; 　wcex.hInstance = hInstance; 　wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_D3DTEST); 　wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); 　wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); 　wcex.lpszMenuName = (LPCTSTR)IDC_D3DTEST; 　wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass; 　wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, (LPCTSTR)IDI_SMALL); 　return RegisterClassEx(&wcex); } BOOL InitInstance( HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow ) { 　g_hInst = hInstance; 　CreateWindow( szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL ); 　if ( !g_hWnd ) 　{ 　　return FALSE; 　} 　ShowWindow( g_hWnd, nCmdShow ); 　UpdateWindow( g_hWnd ); 　return TRUE; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { 　int wmId, wmEvent; 　switch (message) 　{ 　　case WM_CREATE: 　　　OnCreate( hWnd ); 　　　break; 　　case WM_COMMAND: 　　　wmId = LOWORD(wParam); 　　　wmEvent = HIWORD(wParam); 　　　switch (wmId) 　　　{ 　　　　case IDM_EXIT: 　　　　　DestroyWindow(hWnd); 　　　　　break; 　　　　default: 　　　　　return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam); 　　　} 　　　break; 　　case WM_SIZE: 　　　SetProjMatrix( LOWORD( lParam ), HIWORD( lParam ) ); 　　　break; 　　case WM_DESTROY: 　　　ReleaseD3D(); 　　　PostQuitMessage(0); 　　　break; 　　default: 　　　return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam); 　} 　return 0; } void OnCreate( HWND hWnd ) { 　g_hWnd = hWnd; 　InitD3D(); 　CreateObject(); } void ReleaseD3D( void ) { 　if( g_pVB != NULL ) 　{ 　　g_pVB->Release(); 　} 　if( g_pd3dDevice != NULL ) 　{ 　　g_pd3dDevice->Release(); 　} 　if( g_pD3D != NULL ) 　{ 　　g_pD3D->Release(); 　} } HRESULT InitD3D( void )  { g_pD3D = Direct3DCreate9( D3D_SDK_VERSION ); D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp; ZeroMemory( &d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp) ); d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE; d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD; d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8; g_pD3D->CreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hWnd, D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING | D3DCREATE_PUREDEVICE, &d3dpp, &g_pd3dDevice ); g_pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_LIGHTING, TRUE ); g_pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_AMBIENT, D3DCOLOR_COLORVALUE( 0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f, 1.0 ) ); g_pd3dDevice->LightEnable( 0, TRUE); D3DMATERIAL9 mtrl; ZeroMemory( &mtrl, sizeof(mtrl) ); mtrl.Diffuse.r = mtrl.Ambient.r = 140.0f / 255.0f; mtrl.Diffuse.g = mtrl.Ambient.g = 200.0f / 255.0f; mtrl.Diffuse.b = mtrl.Ambient.b = 255.0f / 255.0f; mtrl.Diffuse.a = mtrl.Ambient.a = 1.0f; g_pd3dDevice->SetMaterial( &mtrl ); return S_OK; } void BeforePaint( void ) { D3DLIGHT9 light; ZeroMemory( &light, sizeof(light) ); light.Position = D3DXVECTOR3( 30.0f, 30.0f, 30.0f ); light.Attenuation1 = 0.05f; light.Diffuse.r = 1.0f; light.Diffuse.g = 1.0f; light.Diffuse.b = 1.0f; light.Range = 1000.0f; light.Type = D3DLIGHT_POINT; g_pd3dDevice->SetLight( 0, &light ); g_pd3dDevice->LightEnable( 0, TRUE); } HRESULT CreateObject( void ) { D3DVECTOR SrcBox[] = { { 5.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f }, { 5.0f, 5.0f, 10.0f }, { 5.0f, -5.0f, 0.0f }, { 5.0f, -5.0f, 10.0f }, {-5.0f, -5.0f, 0.0f }, {-5.0f, -5.0f, 10.0f }, {-5.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f }, {-5.0f, 5.0f, 10.0f }, }; WORD wIndex[] ={ 0, 4, 6, 0, 2, 4, 0, 6, 7, 0, 7, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 1, 3, 5, 2, 3, 5, 4, 2, 5, 6, 4, 5, 7, 6, 5, 1, 7, 5, 3, 1, }; CUSTOMVERTEX ExpandBox[sizeof(wIndex) / sizeof(WORD)]; for ( int i = 0; i < 36; i++ ) ExpandBox[i].pos = SrcBox[ wIndex[i] ]; for ( i = 0; i < 12; i++ ) { D3DVECTOR Tri[3]; Tri[0] = ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].pos; Tri[1] = ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 1 ].pos; Tri[2] = ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 2 ].pos; ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].normal.x = 0.0f; ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].normal.y = 0.0f; ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].normal.z = 1.0f; CalcNormal( Tri, &(ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].normal) ); ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 1 ].normal = ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].normal; ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 2 ].normal = ExpandBox[ i * 3 + 0 ].normal; } g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer( sizeof(ExpandBox), 0, D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_pVB, NULL ); VOID* pVertices; g_pVB->Lock( 0, sizeof(ExpandBox), (void**)&pVertices, 0 ); MoveMemory( pVertices, ExpandBox, sizeof(ExpandBox) ); g_pVB->Unlock(); return S_OK; } void OnIdle( void ) { static CTimer t; static double dt = t.End(); double temp = t.End(); char szValue[256]; sprintf( szValue, "当前帧率：%f", 1 / ( temp - dt ) ); SetWindowText( g_hWnd, szValue ); dt = temp; if ( g_pd3dDevice != NULL ) { g_pd3dDevice->Clear( 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,200), 1.0f, 0 ); if ( SUCCEEDED( g_pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) ) { BeforePaint(); if ( FAILED( SetModalMatrix() ) ) { return; } g_pd3dDevice->SetStreamSource( 0, g_pVB, 0, sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX) ); g_pd3dDevice->SetFVF( D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX ); g_pd3dDevice->DrawPrimitive( D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 12 ); g_pd3dDevice->EndScene(); g_pd3dDevice->Present( NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL ); } } } HRESULT SetModalMatrix( void ) { static float fRadius = 0.5f; fRadius -= 0.003f; if ( fRadius < 0) { fRadius = D3DX_PI * 2 ; } D3DXMATRIX matWorld; D3DXMatrixRotationZ( &matWorld, 0.0f ); if ( FAILED( g_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_WORLD, &matWorld ) ) ) { return E_FAIL; } D3DXMATRIX matView; D3DXMatrixLookAtLH( &matView, &D3DXVECTOR3( cosf( fRadius ) * 40.0f, sinf( fRadius ) * 40.0f, 30.0 ), &D3DXVECTOR3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f ), &D3DXVECTOR3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) ); g_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_VIEW, &matView ); return S_OK; } HRESULT SetProjMatrix( WORD wWidth, WORD wHeight ) { D3DXMATRIX matProj; D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &matProj, D3DX_PI/4, (float)wWidth / (float)wHeight, 1.0f, 100.0f ); return g_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matProj ); }

　　

　　看看和OpenGL做出来的哪个效果更好一些呢？我想使用D3D来做这些事会很方便吧。

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