三、现在开始
首先，在编译程序的时候打开调试模式（gcc编译器的-g选项）。如果没有调试信息，即使最好的valgrind工具也将中能够猜测特定的代码是属于哪一个函数。打开调试选项进行编译后再用valgrind检查，valgrind将会给你的个详细的报告，比如哪一行代码出现了内存泄漏。
当检查的是C++程序的时候，还应该考虑另一个选项 -fno-inline。它使得函数调用链很清晰，这样可以减少你在浏览大型C++程序时的混乱。比如在使用这个选项的时候，用memcheck检查openoffice就很容易。当然，你可能不会做这项工作，但是使用这一选项使得valgrind生成更精确的错误报告和减少混乱。
一些编译优化选项(比如-O2或者更高的优化选项)，可能会使得memcheck提交错误的未初始化报告，因此，为了使得valgrind的报告更精确，在编译的时候最好不要使用优化选项。
如果程序是通过脚本启动的，可以修改脚本里启动程序的代码，或者使用--trace-children=yes选项来运行脚本。
下面是用memcheck检查ls -l命令的输出报告，在终端下执行下面的命令
valgrind --tool=memcheck ls -l
程序会打印出ls -l命令的结果，最后是valgrind的检查报告如下：
==4187==
==4187== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 19 from 2)
==4187== malloc/free: in use at exit: 15,154 bytes in 105 blocks.
==4187== malloc/free: 310 allocs, 205 frees, 60,093 bytes allocated.
==4187== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==4187== searching for pointers to 105 not-freed blocks.
==4187== checked 145,292 bytes.
==4187==
==4187== LEAK SUMMARY:
==4187== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4187== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4187== still reachable: 15,154 bytes in 105 blocks.
==4187== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4187== Reachable blocks (those to which a pointer was found) are not shown.
==4187== To see them, rerun with: --show-reachable=yes
这里的“4187”指的是执行ls -l的进程ID，这有利于区别不同进程的报告。memcheck会给出报告，分配置和释放了多少内存，有多少内存泄漏了，还有多少内存的访问是可达的，检查了多少字节的内存。
下面举两个用valgrind做内存检查的例子:
例子一 (test.c)：
#include
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *ptr;
ptr = (char*) malloc(10);
strcpy(ptr, "01234567890");
return 0;
} |
编译程序
gcc -g -o test test.c
用valgrind执行命令
valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=yes ./test
报告如下
==4270== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==4270== Copyright (C) 2002-2006, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==4270== Using LibVEX rev 1606, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==4270== Copyright (C) 2004-2006, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==4270== Using valgrind-3.2.0, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==4270== Copyright (C) 2000-2006, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==4270== For more details, rerun with: -v
==4270==
==4270== Invalid write of size 1
==4270== at 0x4006190: strcpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:271)
==4270== by 0x80483DB: main (test.c:8)
==4270== Address 0x4023032 is 0 bytes after a block of size 10 alloc'd
==4270== at 0x40044F6: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==4270== by 0x80483C5: main (test.c:7)
==4270==
==4270== Invalid write of size 1
==4270== at 0x400619C: strcpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:271)
==4270== by 0x80483DB: main (test.c:8)
==4270== Address 0x4023033 is 1 bytes after a block of size 10 alloc'd
==4270== at 0x40044F6: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==4270== by 0x80483C5: main (test.c:7)
==4270==
==4270== ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 12 from 1)
==4270== malloc/free: in use at exit: 10 bytes in 1 blocks.
==4270== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 10 bytes allocated.
==4270== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==4270== searching for pointers to 1 not-freed blocks.
==4270== checked 51,496 bytes.
==4270==
==4270==
==4270== 10 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==4270== at 0x40044F6: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==4270== by 0x80483C5: main (test.c:7)
==4270==
==4270== LEAK SUMMARY:
==4270== definitely lost: 10 bytes in 1 blocks.
==4270== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4270== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4270== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4270== Reachable blocks (those to which a pointer was found) are not shown.
==4270== To see them, rerun with: --show-reachable=yes |
从这份报告可以看出，进程号是4270，test.c的第8行写内存越界了，引起写内存越界的是strcpy函数，
第7行泄漏了10个字节的内存，引起内存泄漏的是malloc函数。
例子二（test2.c)
#include
int foo(int x)
{
if (x < 0) {
printf("%d ", x);
}
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int x;
foo(x);
return 0;
} |
编译程序
gcc -g -o test2 test2.c
用valgrind做内存检查
valgrind --tool=memcheck ./test2
输出报告如下
==4285== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==4285== Copyright (C) 2002-2006, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==4285== Using LibVEX rev 1606, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==4285== Copyright (C) 2004-2006, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==4285== Using valgrind-3.2.0, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==4285== Copyright (C) 2000-2006, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==4285== For more details, rerun with: -v
==4285==
==4285== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
==4285== at 0x8048372: foo (test2.c:5)
==4285== by 0x80483B4: main (test2.c:16)
==4285==p p
==4285== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 12 from 1)
==4285== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==4285== malloc/free: 0 allocs, 0 frees, 0 bytes allocated.
==4285== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==4285== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible. |
从这份报告可以看出进程PID是4285，test2.c文件的第16行调用了foo函数，在test2.c文件的第5行foo函数使用了一个未初始化的变量。
valgrind还有很多使用选项，具体可以查看valgrind的man手册页和valgrind官方网站的在线文档。
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