实验级别：Assistant
实验拓扑：
实验步骤：
1.首先在3台路由器上配置物理接口，并且使用ping命令确保物理链路的畅通。
2.在路由器上配置loopback接口：
R1(config)#int loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config)#int loopback 0
R2(config-if)#ip add 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config)#int loopback 0
R3(config-if)#ip add 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
路由器的RID是路由器接口的最高的IP地址，当有环回口存在是，路由器将使用环回口的最高IP地址作为起RID，从而保证RID的稳定。
3. 在3台路由器上分别启动OSPF进程，并且宣告直连接口的网络。
R1(config)#router OSPF 10
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0.0.0.255 area 0
OSPF的进程号只有本地意义，既在不同路由器上的进程号可以不相同。但是为了日后维护的方便，一般启用相同的进程号。
OSPF使用反向掩码。Area 0表示骨干区域，在设计OSPF网络时，所有的非骨干区域都需要和骨干区域直连!
R2，R3的配置和R1类似，这里省略。不同的是我们在R2和R3上不宣告各自的环回口。
*Aug 13 17:58:51.411: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr 2.2.2.2 on Serial1/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
配置结束后，我们可以看到邻居关系已经到达FULL状态。
4. 在R1上查看路由表，可以看到以下信息：
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 1.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.1.2, 00:03:42, Serial1/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/
我们看到R1学到了192.168.2.0/24这个网段的路由。后面的数字[110/65]，分别表示OSPF的管理距离(AD)和路由的Metric值
OSPF的Metric值是由cost值逐跳累加的。Cost=100Mb/带宽值。
5. 在R1上show ip OSPF neighbor 、show ip OSPF interface
R1#show ip OSPF neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
3.3.3.3 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:34 192.168.3.3 FastEthernet0/0
2.2.2.2 0 FULL/ - 00:00:32 192.168.1.2 Serial1/0
我们看到R1和R3选取了DR和BDR，而R1和R2没有选取。
在OSPF的五种网络类型中。Point-to-Point,Point-to-Multipoint(广播与非广播)这三种网络类型不选取DR与BDR; Broadcast,NBMA选取DR与BDR。
R1#show ip OSPF interface
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.3.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 10, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 192.168.3.1
Backup Designated router (ID) 3.3.3.3, Interface address 192.168.3.3
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:03
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 3.3.3.3 (Backup Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 10, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:02
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 4 msec, maximum is 4 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 2.2.2.2
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 1.1.1.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 10, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
在这里我们看到环回口的网络网络类型是Loopback，这是一种特殊的网络类型，只针对环回口存在。我们到R2上看看路由表：
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 192.168.1.1, 00:12:34, Serial1/0
2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O 192.168.3.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.1.1, 00:12:34, Serial1/0
[110/65] via 192.168.2.3, 00:12:34, Serial1/1
R2的路由表显示来自环回口的路由，掩码为/32，既我们所说的“主机路由”。在实际应用中，环回口以32位的居多，用作OSPF的管理接口。但是如果你想让环回口模拟一个网段，我们可以通过以下配置来消除。
R1(config)#int loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ip OSPF network point-to-point
环回口只能配置成point-to-point这种类型，不可以配置成其它的类型。
回到R2查看路由表：
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.0 [110/65] via 192.168.1.1, 00:00:24, Serial1/0
2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O 192.168.3.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.1.1, 00:00:24, Serial1/0
[110/65] via 192.168.2.3, 00:00:24, Serial1/1
我们看到主机路由没有了，取而代之的是一个/24的网段。
