* SQL Group Functions (num can be a column or expression)           * 
  (null values are ignored, default between distinct and all is all)      * 
  ******************************************************************************* 
  AVG([distinct or all] num)   -- average value 
  COUNT(distinct or all] num)   -- number of values 
  MAX([distinct or all] num)   -- maximum value 
  MAX([distinct or all] num)   -- minimum value 
  STDDEV([distinct or all] num)  -- standard deviation 
  SUM([distinct or all] num)   -- sum of values 
  VARIANCE([distinct or all] num) -- variance of values    
  ******************************************************************************* 
  * Miscellaneaous Functions :                         * 
  ******************************************************************************* 
  DECODE(expr, srch1, return1 [,srch2, return2...], default] 
      -- if no search matches the expression then the default is returned, 
      -- otherwise, the first search that matches will cause 
      -- the corresponding return value to be returned 
  DUMP(column_name [,fmt [,start_pos [, length]]]) 
     -- returns an internal oracle format, used for getting info about a column 
     -- format options : 8 = octal, 10 = decimel, 16 = hex, 17 = characters 
     -- return type codes : 1 = varchar2, 2 = number, 8 = long, 12 = date, 
     --  23 = raw, 24 = long raw, 69 = rowid, 96 = char, 106 = mlslabel 
  GREATEST(expr [,expr2 [, expr3...]] 
     -- returns the largest value of all expressions 
  LEAST(expr [,expr2 [, expr3...]] 
     -- returns the smallest value of all expressions 
  NVL(expr1 ,expr2 
     -- if expr1 is not null, it is returned, otherwise expr2 is returned 
  SQLCODE 
     -- returns sql error code of last error. Can not be used directly in query, 
     -- value must be set to local variable first 
  SQLERRM 
     -- returns sql error message of last error. Can not be used directly in query, 
     -- value must be set to local variable first 
  UID 
     -- returns the user id of the user you are logged on as 
     -- useful in selecting information from low level sys tables 
  USER 
     -- returns the user name of the user you are logged on as 
  USERENV('option') 
     -- returns information about the user you are logged on as 
     -- options : ENTRYID, SESSIONID, TERMINAL, LANGUAGE, LABEL, OSDBA 
     --      (all options not available in all Oracle versions) 
  VSIZE(expr) 
     -- returns the number of bytes used by the expression 
     -- useful in selecting information about table space requirements    
  ******************************************************************************* 
  * SQL Date Functions (dt represents oracle date and time)           * 
  * (functions return an oracle date unless otherwise specified)        * 
  ******************************************************************************* 
  ADD_MONTHS(dt, num)   -- adds num months to dt (num can be negative) 
  LAST_DAY(dt)       -- last day of month in month containing dt 
  MONTHS_BETWEEN(dt1, dt2) -- returns fractional value of months between dt1, dt2 
  NEW_TIME(dt, tz1, tz2)  -- dt = date in time zone 1, returns date in time zone 2 
  NEXT_DAY(dt, str)    -- date of first (str) after dt (str = 'Monday', etc..) 
  SYSDATE         -- present system date 
  ROUND(dt [,fmt]     -- rounds dt as specified by format fmt 
  TRUNC(dt [,fmt]     -- truncates dt as specified by format fmt    
  ******************************************************************************* 
  * Number Functions :                             * 
  ******************************************************************************* 
  ABS(num)       -- absolute value of num 
  CEIL(num)      -- smallest integer > or = num 
  COS(num)       -- cosine(num), num in radians 
  COSH(num)      -- hyperbolic cosine(num) 
  EXP(num)       -- e raised to the num power 
  FLOOR(num)      -- largest integer < or = num 
  LN(num)       -- natural logarithm of num 
  LOG(num2, num1)   -- logarithm base num2 of num1 
  MOD(num2, num1)   -- remainder of num2 / num1 
  POWER(num2, num1)  -- num2 raised to the num1 power 
  ROUND(num1 [,num2]  -- num1 rounded to num2 decimel places (default 0) 
  SIGN(num)      -- sign of num * 1, 0 if num = 0 
  SIN(num)       -- sin(num), num in radians 
  SINH(num)      -- hyperbolic sine(num) 
  SQRT(num)      -- square root of num 
  TAN(num)       -- tangent(num), num in radians 
  TANH(num)      -- hyperbolic tangent(num) 
  TRUNC(num1 [,num2]  -- truncate num1 to num2 decimel places (default 0)    
  ******************************************************************************* 
  * String Functions, String Result :                      * 
  ******************************************************************************* 
  (num)          -- ASCII character for num 
  CHR(num)        -- ASCII character for num 
  CONCAT(str1, str2)   -- str1 concatenated with str2 (same as str1||str2) 
  INITCAP(str)      -- capitalize first letter of each word in str 
  LOWER(str)       -- str with all letters in lowercase 
  LPAD(str1, num [,str2]) -- left pad str1 to length num with str2 (default spaces) 
  LTRIM(str [,set])    -- remove set from left side of str (default spaces) 
  NLS_INITCAP(str [,nls_val]) -- same as initcap for different languages 
  NLS_LOWER(str [,nls_val])  -- same as lower for different languages 
  REPLACE(str1, str2 [,str3]) -- replaces str2 with str3 in str1 
                 -- deletes str2 from str1 if str3 is omitted 
  RPAD(str1, num [,str2])   -- right pad str1 to length num with str2 (default spaces) 
  RTRIM(str [,set])      -- remove set from right side of str (default spaces) 
  SOUNDEX(str)        -- phonetic representation of str 
  SUBSTR(str, num2 [,num1])  -- substring of str, starting with num2, 
                 -- num1 characters (to end of str if num1 is omitted) 
  SUBSTRB(str, num2 [,num1]) -- same as substr but num1, num2 expressed in bytes 
  TRANSLATE(str, set1, set2) -- replaces set1 in str with set2 
                 -- if set2 is longer than set1, it will be truncated 
  UPPER(str)         -- str with all letters in uppercase    
  ******************************************************************************* 
  * String Functions, Numeric Result :                     * 
  *******************************************************************************    
  ASCII(str)            -- ASCII value of str 
  INSTR(str1, str2 [,num1 [,num2]]) -- position of num2th occurrence of 
                    -- str2 in str1, starting at num1 
                    -- (num1, num2 default to 1) 
  INSTRB(str1, str2 [,num1 [num2]]) -- same as instr, byte values for num1, num2 
  LENGTH(str)            -- number of characters in str 
  LENGTHB(str)           -- number of bytes in str 
  NLSSORT(str [,nls_val])       
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